What Technology E&O Insurance Requirements Apply in Montana?

Montana Code Annotated §27-1-220 says that, unless another statute expressly provides otherwise, punitive damages may not be recovered in any action arising from contract or breach of contract. The same section does not prohibit punitive damages in a products-liability action or an action under 33-18-201. A punitive award that is allowed may not exceed the lesser of $10 million or 3 percent of the defendant’s net worth, and that cap does not limit class actions. Section 28-2-702, except as provided in 27-1-753, makes a contract against public policy if its object is to exempt anyone from responsibility for that person’s own fraud, willful injury to the person or property of another, or violation of law, whether willful or negligent. A technology services agreement can still limit ordinary contract damages. It cannot, under §28-2-702, be used to excuse fraud or willful injury.

What Is Tech E&O Insurance?

Technology errors and omissions coverage can help pay when a customer claims your software, hosting, installation or technology advice caused financial loss. If you provide tech products or services, check each activity; cyber incidents and unrelated professional work need separate review. Read the national Technology errors and omissions (E&O) guide.

What Should You Watch for With Tech E&O Insurance in Montana?

A breach-of-contract count does not bring punitive damages
Section 27-1-220(2) bars punitive damages in an action arising from contract or breach of contract unless a statute expressly provides them. A missed implementation date pleaded only as breach of the statement of work is in that category. Do not buy an E&O limit on the assumption that a contract fight will include punishment damages. If the customer also pleads a products-liability theory, subsection (2)(b) says the contract ban does not prohibit punitive damages in that action. ¹
The cap is the lesser of $10 million or 3% of net worth, not for class actions
Subsection (3) applies when punitive damages may be awarded. The award may not exceed $10 million or 3 percent of net worth, whichever is less. The subsection does not limit punitive damages in class action lawsuits. A small technology company should ask what net-worth figure would be used. A class claim should not be reserved as if the lesser-of test applied. ¹
The contract cannot exempt fraud, willful injury, or a legal violation
Section 28-2-702, except as provided in 27-1-753, condemns a contract whose object, directly or indirectly, is to exempt a person from responsibility for that person’s own fraud, for willful injury to person or property, or for violation of law, whether willful or negligent. A clause that says the vendor is not responsible for knowing misstatements or for willful harm is the clause this section targets. Ordinary limits on delay damages are a different drafting problem. This section does not describe the exception in 27-1-753. ²

Which Tech E&O Insurance Providers Have Montana License Records?

These providers publish a national listing for Technology errors and omissions (E&O); the license records below name the licensed entities and roles. Some records rely on company-reported information rather than independent regulator verification. A national listing does not confirm the product is available in Montana. Check the regulator’s license lookup and confirm state availability for your business when requesting a quote.

At-Bay
Insurance producer, Surplus-lines broker · checked 2026-09-28
At-Bay Insurance Services LLC
At-Bay’s license page lists P&C producer and surplus-lines broker license numbers for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. These are company disclosures and do not establish product availability in each jurisdiction. ¹⁸
At-Bay offers primary and excess technology errors and omissions insurance for businesses with revenue up to $5 billion.
Coalition
Insurance producer, Surplus-lines broker · checked 2026-09-28
Coalition Insurance Solutions, Inc.
Coalition’s license page lists producer and surplus-lines licenses for Coalition Insurance Solutions, Inc. in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The page separately lists insurers; this record covers the brokerage entity only. ¹⁹
Coalition offers technology errors and omissions together with Active Cyber coverage for businesses that provide a technology product or service.
Corgi
Insurance producer · checked 2026-09-28
Corgi Insurance Services, Inc.
Corgi’s company producer-license table lists 50 jurisdictions: 49 states and the District of Columbia, including DC license 3003091619. New Mexico does not appear in the table and is not included here; the omission does not establish that Corgi is unlicensed there. The company-reported table has no stated as-of date and does not establish product availability. ²⁰
Corgi lists technology errors and omissions insurance for technology products and services.
TechInsurance
Insurance producer · checked 2026-09-28
Specialty Program Group LLC
TechInsurance’s current licensing page names Specialty Program Group LLC / SPG Insurance Solutions and lists state license numbers, but labels Rhode Island “Individual licenses” rather than identifying a license for the named agency. RI is omitted because this disclosure does not establish agency authority there; this is a search limitation, not an assertion that the company is unlicensed. The remaining state entries are company-reported and are not an insurance product availability map. ²³
TechInsurance arranges technology errors and omissions and cyber coverage for technology businesses.
Vouch
Insurance producer, Surplus-lines broker · checked 2026-09-28
Vouch Specialty Insurance Services, LLC
Vouch’s licenses page, effective January 16, 2025, lists producer licenses in all 50 states and DC. Its separate surplus-lines table includes Idaho number 870820, while a footnote says Georgia and Idaho do not issue agency-level surplus-lines licenses. Because those statements conflict for Idaho, this record keeps Idaho producer-only and does not treat the table number as established agency surplus-lines authority. The page is company-reported and does not establish product availability. ²⁴
Vouch lists technology errors and omissions among the core coverages in its technology-company programs.

Who Regulates Insurance in Montana?

Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance

The Commissioner of Securities and Insurance regulates Montana insurers and producers and acts as a consumer advocate. The office accepts written or online complaints about insurers and insurance professionals. ^3,^4,⁵

Website: Regulator website
License lookup: Search licensed producers
Complaints: File a complaint
Phone: 800-332-6148

Surplus-Lines Tax and Stamping Office in Montana

Reported tax rate. 2.75% of total premium (0.75% for legal professional liability) + 2.50% fire tax on applicable fire premium + 0.175% SLIP+ transaction fee on total premium ^6,^7,^9,¹⁰

Montana requires an eligible surplus-lines insurer and a statutory placement path when it is the insured’s home state. Before placement, the producing producer must advise you that the insurer is unauthorized in Montana and is not subject to the same supervision as an authorized insurer, and that if the surplus-lines insurer becomes insolvent, Montana’s property-and-casualty guaranty fund will not pay losses under the surplus-lines coverage. Confirm the applicable placement route and tax and fee bases with the producer.

Montana surplus-lines placement routes: When Montana is home state, §33-2-302 generally calls for an eligible insurer and evidence that the line or full amount is unavailable from authorized insurers (or, at renewal, has not become available). The evidence routes are a diligent search of at least three insurers actually writing that line in Montana (or the smaller actual market), the kind appearing on the current Approved Risk List, or natural-disaster multiperil coverage. The list names kinds and classes; it does not prove that a particular business or BOP qualifies. Section 302 separately waives search requirements for an authorized quote with a premium rate at least 10% above the eligible unauthorized quote, if commissioner-approved disclosure is provided; and for a qualifying exempt commercial purchaser (ECP), after disclosure that coverage may or may not be available from an authorized insurer that may provide greater protection with more regulatory oversight, followed by the purchaser’s later written request. Under §318, an ECP must employ or retain a qualified risk manager as defined in §319, have paid over $100,000 in nationwide commercial P&C premiums in the prior 12 months, and meet one additional §318(1)(c) criterion. Some financial thresholds adjust every five years. ^9,^10,^8,^12,^15,¹⁶
Check the fire-tax allocation on a commercial package: Section 33-2-311 generally requires the surplus-lines producer to collect and pay the tax when Montana is home state, subject to §33-2-323. For a single-state risk with Montana as home state, §33-2-323(4) requires submission to the Commissioner, who collects the tax. Ask the producer which filing and payment route applies. CSI’s July 2026 guide lists code 1005, Commercial Package (Property & Casualty), with a 50% presumptively reasonable allocation and a 1.25% effective fire-tax rate. Treat this as an example: verify the code and allocation used for the policy; do not assume every BOP is classified as code 1005. CSI’s current schedule sets annual tax due dates (quarterly tax payments are accepted) and separate quarterly SLIP+ transaction-fee deadlines. ^11,^14,^13,¹⁷

What Should You Ask Before Buying Tech E&O Insurance in Montana?

Is the claim pleaded as breach of contract, a products-liability action, or an action under 33-18-201?
If punitive damages are available, is the case a class action that subsection (3) does not cap?
Does any clause purport to exempt fraud, willful injury, or a violation of law?

Tech E&O Insurance in Montana: Frequently Asked Questions

Can a Montana technology customer recover punitive damages for breach of contract?

Section 27-1-220(2) says no, unless another statute expressly provides for them. The ban does not prohibit punitive damages in a products-liability action or an action arising under 33-18-201. ¹

Can the contract waive responsibility for fraud?

Section 28-2-702 says a contract that exempts a person from responsibility for that person’s own fraud, willful injury, or violation of law is against public policy, except as provided in 27-1-753. ²

Sources for Tech E&O Insurance in Montana

1
MCA 27-1-220, Punitive damages. Montana Legislative Services; Montana Code Annotated 2025 subsections (2) and (3): no contract punitive damages unless a statute provides them; lesser of $10 million or 3 percent of net worth; class actions excluded. Accessed 2026-09-29.
2
MCA 28-2-702, Contracts exempting responsibility. Montana Legislative Services; Montana Code Annotated 2025: contracts exempting fraud, willful injury, or violation of law are against public policy, except as provided in 27-1-753. Accessed 2026-09-29.
3
Insurance. Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance; Official insurance regulator page; describes CSI as regulator and consumer advocate. Accessed 2026-09-28.
4
Producer, Adjuster & Consultant Licensing. Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance; CSI page links to the state’s SBS Licensee Lookup and Company Lookup. Accessed 2026-09-28.
5
Insurance Complaints & Fraud. Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance; Official page accepts online or written complaints about companies, producers and others; consumer advocate lines 800-332-6148 / 406-444-2040. Accessed 2026-09-28.
6
Surplus Lines. Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance; CSI page: from 2026, Montana-home-state transactions use SLIP+; 2025 and earlier use the legacy portal. States the 2.75% total-premium tax (0.75% for legal professional liability), 2.50% fire tax on applicable fire premium and 0.175% total-premium SLIP+ fee; links to current Approved Risk List and eligible-surplus-lines-company list. Accessed 2026-09-29.
7
MCA §33-2-303: Filing and endorsement of contract -- submission form. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated; MCA 2025, §33-2-303(2)(b)(i)-(ii): before placement the producer affirms notice that the insurer is unauthorized and not under the same supervision, and that Montana’s P&C guaranty fund will not pay surplus-lines losses. Accessed 2026-09-29.
8
MCA §33-2-301: Short title -- purpose -- definitions. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated 2025; §33-2-301(3)(c), (h), (n): defines Approved Risk List, eligible surplus-lines insurer and natural-disaster multiperil insurance; definition only, not operative placement test or list contents. Accessed 2026-09-29.
9
MCA §33-2-302: Home state exclusive authority -- conditions precedent to sale of surplus lines insurance. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated 2025; §33-2-302(1)-(2)(a)-(c): Montana home-state scope; eligible-insurer and unavailability conditions; diligent search (three actual Montana writers or smaller market), current list, natural-disaster multiperil; 10% price and ECP no-search routes with required disclosure and written request. Accessed 2026-09-29.
10
MCA §33-2-307: Requirements for eligible surplus lines insurers -- list of eligible surplus lines insurers. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated 2025; §33-2-307(1)-(4): eligibility conditions for US-domiciled and alien unauthorized insurers; commissioner publishes an eligible-insurer list at least semiannually. No carrier-specific conclusion drawn. Accessed 2026-09-29.
11
MCA §33-2-311: Tax on surplus lines insurance. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated 2025; §33-2-311(1)-(2): when Montana is the insured’s home state, surplus-lines producer collects tax from insured and pays Commissioner; when Montana is not home state, Commissioner generally may not collect Montana tax/stamping fee, subject to cited statutory arrangement. Accessed 2026-09-29.
12
Approved Risk List. Montana Surplus Lines Agents’ Association (current list linked from CSI Surplus Lines page); PDF header p.1: updated 2024-01-16, reviewed 2026-06-18. p.1 GL includes Contractors; pp.1-2 include Property and Builders Risk in Protection Class 9 & 10. The list names kinds/classes, not a blanket BOP or carrier guarantee. Accessed 2026-09-29.
13
Montana Surplus Lines Premium and Fire Tax Payment and Transaction Fee Schedule. Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance; February 2026 schedule p.1, lines 1-6: tax and fee rates/bases; lines 7-73: invoice and due-date schedule; lines 74-76: tax year 2025 and earlier legacy portal/OPTins. Accessed 2026-09-29.
14
How Fire Tax is Calculated in Montana. Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance; July 2026 guide p.1, lines 1-4 and 10-15: 2.50% fire tax is allocated by coverage; code 1005 Commercial Package (Property & Casualty) has a 50% presumptively reasonable allocation and 1.25% effective rate. Example only; does not establish BOP classification. Accessed 2026-09-29.
15
MCA §33-2-318: Exempt commercial purchaser defined. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated 2025; §33-2-318(1)(a)-(c), (2): qualified risk manager, >$100,000 prior-12-month aggregate nationwide commercial P&C premium, and at least one criterion; financial thresholds in (c)(i),(ii),(iv) adjust every five years. Accessed 2026-09-29.
16
MCA §33-2-319: Qualified risk manager defined. Montana Legislature / Montana Code Annotated 2025; §33-2-319(1)-(2): QRM role and alternative education, experience, designation or graduate-degree qualifications; ECP note cites the defined term without summarizing those alternatives. Accessed 2026-09-29.
17
MCA 33-2-323: Authorization for agreements regarding multistate risks. Montana Legislature; 2025 MCA, subsections (1)–(5); subsection (4) single-state transaction submission and Commissioner tax collection; no assertion that a multistate agreement is in effect. Accessed 2026-09-29.
18
Licenses. At-Bay; Current producer introduction and state table; At-Bay Insurance Services LLC; P&C and surplus-lines identifiers. Accessed 2026-09-21.
19
Licenses and Carriers. Coalition; Licenses and Carriers, re-read 22 September 2026: Insurance Licenses table for Coalition Insurance Solutions, Inc., national producer number 18419475, with producer and surplus-lines numbers for all 50 states and DC including California 0L76155, Georgia 196479, Texas 2199630 and 2205589, Pennsylvania 815731 and 817452, Colorado 539028 and Wisconsin 3000108852. Insurance Carriers table naming, with NAIC numbers, Allianz Underwriters Insurance Company 36420, Arch Specialty Insurance Company 21199, Ascot Specialty Insurance Company 45055, Ascot Insurance Company 23752, Aspen Specialty Insurance Company 10717, Chaucer Insurance Company DAC, Coalition Insurance Company 29530, Fireman's Fund Indemnity Corporation 11380, Fortegra Specialty Insurance Company 16823, Lloyd's of London, MSIG Specialty Insurance USA Inc. 34886, MS Transverse Specialty Insurance Company 41807, Steadfast Insurance Company 26387, Vantage Risk Specialty Insurance Company 16275 and Zurich American Insurance Company 16535. Accessed 2026-09-22.
20
Insurance Producer Licenses. Corgi Insurance; Current complete Insurance Producer Licenses table for Corgi Insurance Services, Inc.; 50 rows covering 49 states and DC (DC 3003091619); no New Mexico row; no NPN or as-of date shown. Accessed 2026-09-28.
21
About Hiscox US Insurance. Hiscox; Hiscox Insurance Company Inc. NAIC 10200 as Chicago, IL domiciled insurer admitted or licensed in all 50 states and D.C.; Hiscox Inc. as general agent and Lloyd’s coverholder for Syndicates 33 and 3624; surplus-lines placements through licensed surplus-lines brokers; A.M. Best rating statement. Accessed 2026-09-16.
22
Licenses. ERGO NEXT Insurance; Current entity-by-state license table reopened 28 September 2026: 50 rows under Next First Insurance Agency, Inc., including Washington, DC; New York rows instead list Next Insurance Services PC-1423070 and AP Intego BR-1198885. Accessed 2026-09-28.
23
Insurance Licenses by State. TechInsurance; Current state table; identifies TechInsurance as a division of Specialty Program Group LLC d/b/a SPG Insurance Solutions; lists DC 3000041536 and labels Rhode Island “Individual licenses,” without an agency license number. Accessed 2026-09-28.
24
Licenses. Vouch; Effective 16 January 2025: Vouch Specialty Insurance Services, LLC, NPN 19926463; P&C table (50 states and DC); surplus-lines table includes Idaho 870820; footnote says Georgia and Idaho do not issue agency-level surplus-lines licenses; Idaho retained as producer-only due to conflict. Accessed 2026-09-15.

What Technology E&O Insurance Requirements Apply in Montana?

What Is Tech E&O Insurance?

What Should You Watch for With Tech E&O Insurance in Montana?

A breach-of-contract count does not bring punitive damages

The cap is the lesser of $10 million or 3% of net worth, not for class actions

The contract cannot exempt fraud, willful injury, or a legal violation

Which Tech E&O Insurance Providers Have Montana License Records?

At-Bay

Coalition

Corgi

TechInsurance

Vouch